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101 list
1) список; перечень || составлять список; перечислять; заносить в список или перечень2) таблица3) вчт. печатать; распечатывать4) полоска5) наклон; крен•- access rights list
- argument list
- association list
- attribute-value list
- blackhole list
- bulleted list
- chained list
- circular list
- contact list
- data list
- dense list
- display list
- distributed real-time black list
- distribution list
- double-linked list
- edit decision list
- empty list
- export list
- history list
- hot list
- ignore list
- import list
- instrument list
- inverted list
- invisible list
- linear list
- linked list
- list of stylus
- list of symbols
- mail abuse prevention system real-time blackhole list
- mail list
- mailing list
- multi-linked list
- multi-threaded list
- net list
- null list
- opt-in list
- opt-out list
- parts list
- price list
- property list
- push-down list
- push-up list
- requirements list
- sequential list
- simple list
- skip list
- source list
- stopword list
- threaded list
- visible list
- waiting list
- wire listThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > list
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102 project
1. noun1) (plan) Plan, der2) (enterprise) Projekt, das2. transitive verbproject manager — Projektmanager, der/-managerin, die; Projektleiter, der/-leiterin, die
1) werfen [Schatten, Schein, Licht]; senden [Strahl]; (Cinemat.) projizieren2) (make known) vermittelnproject one's own personality — seine eigene Person in den Vordergrund stellen
3) (plan) planen4) (extrapolate) übertragen (to auf + Akk.)3. intransitive verb(jut out) [Felsen:] vorspringen; [Zähne, Brauen:] vorstehen4. reflexive verbproject over the street — [Balkon:] über die Straße ragen
(transport oneself)project oneself into something — sich in etwas (Akk.) [hinein]versetzen
* * *1. ['pro‹ekt] noun1) (a plan or scheme: a building project.) der Plan2) (a piece of study or research: I am doing a project on Italian art.) das Projekt2. [prə'‹ekt] verb1) (to throw outwards, forwards or upwards: The missile was projected into space.) schleudern2) (to stick out: A sharp rock projected from the sea.) hervorragen3) (to plan or propose.) planen4) (to make a picture or a film appear on a screen.)•- academic.ru/58279/projectile">projectile- projection
- projector* * *proj·ectI. n[ˈprɒʤekt, AM ˈprɑ:-]research \project Forschungsprojekt ntII. n[ˈprɒʤekt, AM ˈprɑ:-]\project planning Projektplanung fIII. vt[prə(ʊ)ˈʤekt, AM prəˈ-]1. (forecast)▪ to \project sth etw vorhersagen; profit, expenses, number etw veranschlagenrevenue from tourism is \projected to grow by 15% next year Einnahmen durch Tourismus sollen nächstes Jahr um 15 % ansteigen2. (propel)▪ to \project sth etw schleudernto \project one's voice ( fig) laut und deutlich sprechen3. (onto screen)▪ to \project sth onto sb etw auf jdn projizieren5. (display)▪ to \project sth etw darstellento \project a tougher image ein härteres Image vermittelnIV. vi[prə(ʊ)ˈʤekt, AM prəˈ-]1. (protrude) hervorragenthe hotel's dining room \projects [out] over the sea der Speisesaal des Hotels ragt über das Meera \projecting nail/branch ein abstehender Nagel/Ast* * *I ['prɒdZekt]nProjekt nt; (= scheme) Unternehmen nt, Vorhaben nt; (SCH, UNIV) Referat nt; (in primary school) Arbeit f II [prə'dZekt]1. vt1) film, map projizierento project oneself/one's personality — sich selbst/seine eigene Person zur Geltung bringen
to project one's voice to the back of the hall —
in order to project an adequate picture of our country — um ein angemessenes Bild unseres Landes zu vermitteln
4) (= propel) abschießento project a missile into space — eine Rakete in den Weltraum schießen
5) (= cause to jut) part of building etc vorspringen lassen2. vi2) (PSYCH) projizieren, von sich auf andere schließen3)(with one's voice
actor/singer) you'll have to project more than that, we can't hear you at the back — Sie müssen lauter singen/sprechen, wir können Sie hier hinten nicht hören* * *project [prəˈdʒekt]A v/t1. projektieren, planen, entwerfen2. werfen, schleudern:to project sb to fame jemanden mit einem Schlag berühmt machenagainst gegen;on auf akk)4. CHEM, MATH projizieren:projecting plane Projektionsebene f5. fig projizieren:to project one’s feelings into seine Gefühle übertragen auf (akk)6. darlegen, aufzeigen, vermitteln7. vorspringen lassen:projected piers ARCH Vorlagen, Gurtbogento project into hineinragen in (akk);projecting ears abstehende Ohren1. Projekt n, Plan m, (auch Bau) Vorhaben n, Entwurf m:project engineer Projektingenieur(in);2. SCHULE Projekt n, Planaufgabe f (die den Schülern freie Gestaltungsmöglichkeit bietet)* * *1. noun1) (plan) Plan, der2) (enterprise) Projekt, das2. transitive verbproject manager — Projektmanager, der/-managerin, die; Projektleiter, der/-leiterin, die
1) werfen [Schatten, Schein, Licht]; senden [Strahl]; (Cinemat.) projizieren2) (make known) vermitteln3) (plan) planen4) (extrapolate) übertragen (to auf + Akk.)3. intransitive verb(jut out) [Felsen:] vorspringen; [Zähne, Brauen:] vorstehen4. reflexive verbproject over the street — [Balkon:] über die Straße ragen
project oneself into something — sich in etwas (Akk.) [hinein]versetzen
* * *n.Entwurf -¨e m.Projekt -e n. (onto) v.projizieren (auf) v. v.entwerfen v.hochrechnen v.projektieren v. -
103 project
proj·ect n [ʼprɒʤekt, Am ʼprɑ:-]research \project Forschungsprojekt nt2) ( plan) Plan m n [ʼprɒʤekt, Am ʼprɑ:-] modifier (coordinator, costs, deadline, director, leader, team) Projekt-;1) ( forecast)to \project sth etw vorhersagen; profit, expenses, number etw veranschlagen;revenue from tourism is \projected to grow by 15% next year Einnahmen durch Tourismus sollen nächstes Jahr um 15% ansteigen2) ( propel)to \project sth etw schleudern;to \project one's mind into the future sich akk in die Zukunft hineinversetzen;to \project one's voice ( fig) laut und deutlich sprechen3) ( onto screen)to \project sth onto sb etw auf jdn projizieren;to \project oneself onto sb von sich dat auf andere schließen5) ( display)to \project sth etw darstellen;to \project a tougher image ein härteres Image vermitteln;1) ( protrude) hervorragen;to \project over sth über etw akk [hinaus]ragen;the hotel's dining room \projects [out] over the sea der Speisesaal des Hotels ragt über das Meer;a \projecting nail/ branch ein abstehender Nagel/Ast -
104 space
1) пространство; область2) расстояние; интервал, промежуток; пропуск, пробел (см. тж spacing)3) располагать [размещать] (напр., знаки) с интервалами или вразрядку; оставлять пробел4) пауза (в телекоммуникациях - отсутствие сигнала; эквивалентна логическому нулю; наличие сигнала называется mark( метка))•- space before printing- space over to the desired position
- address space
- allocation space
- attribute space
- background space
- belief space
- code space
- control space
- data space
- dead space
- decision space
- design space
- disk space
- display space
- double space
- free-storage space
- full-word space
- function space
- input space
- interaction space
- interblock space
- interconnect address space
- interword space
- joint coordinate space
- linear address space
- memory space
- multiple-address space
- name space
- N-space
- N-unit space
- parameter space
- physical memory space
- policy space
- polynomial space
- product space
- rule space
- run out of disk space
- sample space
- sensor observation space
- shared space
- single space
- skip down one space
- software design space
- swap space
- switching space
- total disk space
- unpartitioned disk space
- user's working space
- user's work space
- vector space
- virtual space
- waveform space
- white space
- word space
- working space
- work spaceEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > space
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105 product
produit mproduct advertising publicité f de produit;product analysis analyse f de produit;product attribute attribut m du produit;product augmentation amélioration f du produit;product awareness notoriété f ou mémorisation f du produit;product awareness level degré m de mémorisation d'un produit;product bundling groupage m de produits;product bundling pricing fixation f des prix par lot;product category catégorie f de produit;product champion champion m de produit;product depth profondeur f de produit;product design conception f des produits;product development élaboration f de produit;product development cost coût m de l'élaboration du produit;product development programme programme m de mise au point du produit;product differentiation différenciation f du produit;product display présentation f du produit;product diversification diversification f des produits;product dynamics dynamique f des produits;product features caractéristiques f pl du produit;product form type m de produit;product group manager directeur(trice) m, f de groupe de produits;product hierarchy hiérarchie f des produits;product image image f de produit;product improvement amélioration de produit;product information sheet fiche f technique;product innovation innovation f de produit;product launch lancement m de produit;product launch file dossier m de lancement;EU product liability responsabilité f du produit;product liability insurance assurance f de responsabilité du produit;product lifecycle cycle m de vie du produit;product lifecycle curve courbe f du cycle de vie du produit;product line ligne f de produits;product line manager directeur(trice) de ligne de produits;product management gestion f de produits;product manager chef m de produit, directeur(trice) de produit;product mapping carte f perceptuelle de produits;product market marché m de produits;product marketing marketing m du produit;product mix assortiment m ou mix m de produits;product mix depth profondeur de l'assortiment de produits;product mix width largeur f de l'assortiment de produits;product orientation optique f produit;product performance test test m de performance du produit;MARKETING product placement placement m de produit;product planning planification f du produit;product policy politique f de lancement d'un produit;product portfolio portefeuille m de produits;product positioning positionnement m du produit;product positioning map carte f de positionnement des produits;product profile profil m de produit;product promotion communication f produit;product range gamme f de produits;product research recherche f de produits;product specialist spécialiste m f produit;product test test de produit;product testing tests m pl de produit;product testing panel panel m d'essayeurs de produits -
106 flag
флаг имя существительное:стяг (banner, flag)плитняк (flagstone, flag)каменная плита (flag, door-stone)глагол:украшать флагами (flag, banner, display the colors)сигнализировать флажками (flag, wigwag) -
107 character
1. n характер; нрав2. n сильный характерa man of character — человек с характером, волевой человек
angularity of character — трудный, неровный характер
3. n честность; моральная устойчивостьcharacter building — воспитательная работа; воспитание характера, формирование морального облика
immoral character — репутация аморальной личности; аморальная личность
4. n характер; качество; природаthe character of the northern plains is different from that of the South — по своему характеру северные равнины отличаются от равнин юга
malign character — злобный нрав, скверный характер
5. n официальное качество; положение; статус, достоинство, ранг, звание, санunder the character of — в качестве; под именем
6. n характерная особенность; отличительный признак; свойствоthe trunk is a character found only in elephants — хобот — это характерная особенность, встречающаяся только у слонов
7. n биол. признак8. n репутацияcharacter assassination — злостная клевета; подрыв репутации
he has an excellent character for honesty — он имеет репутацию безукоризненно честного человека, он славится своей честностью
9. n письменная рекомендация; характеристика; аттестацияcharacter certificate — служебная характеристика; аттестация
character sketch — образ, характер, характеристика
10. n фигура, личность11. n разг. чудак, оригинал, своеобразная личность12. n лит. герой, персонаж; тип; образ, действующее лицоpolice character — лицо, состоящее на учёте в полиции
13. n роль14. n литера; буква; цифра; печатный знакscreened character — «растрированный» знак
15. n иероглиф, идеограммаChinese has no alphabet and is written in characters — китайский язык не имеет алфавита и пользуется иероглифической письменностью
16. n шрифт; графика, письмоa book in Gothic character — книга, напечатанная готическим шрифтом
battered character — корректурное указание < сбитый шрифт>
17. n знак; условное обозначение18. n символswitch character — символ переключения; переключающий символ
coded character — закодированный знак; закодированный символ
admissible character — разрешенный символ; допустимый символ
hand-written character — рукописный знак; рукописный символ
19. n опознавательный знак; клеймо, марка, тавроstamped with the character of sublimity — отмеченный печатью шифр, код; тайнопись
20. n кабалистический знакthat is quite in character with the man — это очень на него похоже; для него это типично
affirmative character — знак подтверждения приема; квитанция
acknowledge character — знак подтверждения приема; квитанция
character coding — кодирование знаков; кодирование символов
21. a театр. характерныйcharacter actor — характерный актёр ; актёр на характерных ролях
22. v характеризовать; давать характеристику, оценку23. v арх. описывать; изображать24. v арх. надписывать; вырезать надпись; гравироватьСинонимический ряд:1. characteristic (noun) characteristic; features; mannerism; property; qualities; traits2. credentials (noun) credentials; recommendation; reference; testimonial3. disposition (noun) bent; cast; complexion; constitution; disposition; humor; individualism; make; makeup; make-up; manner; mien; nature; sort; spirit4. eccentric (noun) case; eccentric; kook; nut; oddball; oddity; original; quiz; weirdo; zombie5. individual (noun) individual; person6. integrity (noun) credit; fame; honor; honour; integrity; name; report; reputation; repute7. notable (noun) big; big boy; big gun; big shot; big-timer; bigwig; chief; dignitary; eminence; great gun; heavyweight; high-muck-a-muck; leader; lion; luminary; muckamuck; mugwump; nabob; nawob; notability; notable; personage; pooh-bah; pot; somebody; VIP8. persona (noun) clothing; persona; role9. personality (noun) identity; idiosyncrasy; individuality; mettle; personality; singularity; style; temper; temperament10. principles (noun) fibre; honesty; principles; probity; rectitude11. quality (noun) affection; attribute; birthmark; feature; peculiarity; point; quality; savor; savour; trait; virtue12. status (noun) capacity; footing; place; position; rank; situation; standing; state; station; status13. symbol (noun) byte; cipher; digit; emblem; figure; letter; mark; sign; symbol14. type (noun) breed; class; cut; description; feather; ilk; kidney; kind; lot; mold; order; persuasion; species; stamp; stripe; type; variety; wayАнтонимический ряд:conformist; dishonor; disrepute -
108 product
product ['prɒdʌkt]∎ finished product Industry produit m fini; (piece of work) résultat m final;∎ food products produits mpl alimentaires, denrées fpl alimentaires;∎ product of India (on packaging) produit d'Inde∎ this book is the product of many years' hard work ce livre est le fruit de longues années d'un travail acharné;∎ she's the product of an unhappy childhood elle est le produit d'une enfance malheureuse;∎ the product of our labour le résultat ou le fruit de notre travail;∎ that's the product of a lively imagination c'est le produit d'une imagination débordante;∎ she was a product of her age c'était un pur produit de son époque(c) Mathematics produit m;∎ the product of x and y le produit de x par y►► product advertising publicité f de produit;product attribute attribut m du produit;product augmentation amélioration f du produit;product awareness notoriété f du produit, mémorisation f du produit;product awareness advertising publicité f de sensibilisation au produit;product awareness level degré m de mémorisation d'un produit;product bundling groupage m de produits;product bundling pricing fixation f des prix par lot;product champion champion m de produit;product depth profondeur f de produit;product design conception f du produit;product development élaboration f du produit;product development cost coût m de l'élaboration du produit;product development programme programme m de mise au point du produit;product differentiation différenciation f du produit;product display présentation f du produit;product diversification diversification f des produits;product features caractéristiques fpl du produit;product group manager directeur(trice) m,f de groupe de produits;product hierarchy hiérarchie f des produits;product image image f de produit;product information sheet fiche f technique;product innovation innovation f de produit;EU product liability responsabilité f du produit;product liability insurance assurance f de responsabilité du produit;product lifecycle cycle m de vie du produit;product lifecycle curve courbe f du cycle m de vie du produit;product line ligne f de produits;product line manager directeur(trice) m,f de ligne de produits;product management gestion f de produits;product manager chef m ou directeur(trice) m,f de produit, responsable mf produit;product mapping carte f perceptuelle de produits;product market marché m de produit;product marketing marketing m du produit;product mix assortiment m ou mix m de produits;product mix depth profondeur f de l'assortiment de produits;product mix width largeur f de l'assortiment de produits;product orientation optique f produit;product placement placement m de produit;product planning plan m de développement des produits;product policy politique f de lancement de produit;product portfolio portefeuille m de produits;product positioning positionnement m du produit;product positioning map carte f de positionnement des produits, carte f de l'univers des produits;product promotion communication f produit;product range gamme f de produits;product specialist spécialiste mf produit;product test test m de produit, essai m de produits;product testing essais mpl ou tests mpl de produit;product testing panel panel m d'essayeurs de produits -
109 put
put [pʊt]mettre ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c)-(f), 1 (i) dire ⇒ 1 (g) soumettre ⇒ 1 (h) placer ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (l) investir ⇒ 1 (k), 1 (l) miser ⇒ 1 (m)∎ put the saucepan on the shelf mets la casserole sur l'étagère;∎ she put her hand on my shoulder elle a mis sa main sur mon épaule;∎ put the chairs nearer the table approche les chaises de la table;∎ he put his arm around my shoulders il passa son bras autour de mes épaules;∎ she put her arms around him elle l'a pris dans ses bras;∎ to put one's head round the door/through the window passer la tête par la porte/par la fenêtre;∎ did you put any salt in? as-tu mis du sel (dedans)?;∎ put some more water on to boil remettez de l'eau à chauffer;∎ he put another brick on the pile il a mis une autre brique sur la pile;∎ to put a coin/a letter/a gun into sb's hand glisser ou mettre une pièce/une lettre/un revolver dans la main de qn;∎ she put a match to the wood elle a allumé le bois;∎ to put an advert in the paper mettre une annonce dans le journal;∎ they want to put me in an old folks' home ils veulent me mettre dans une maison pour les vieux;∎ to put a child to bed mettre un enfant au lit, coucher un enfant;∎ to put a man on the moon envoyer un homme sur la lune;∎ he put the telescope to his eye il a porté la longue-vue à son œil;∎ to put honour before riches préférer l'honneur à l'argent;∎ to put a play on the stage monter une pièce;∎ to put a guard on the door faire surveiller la porte;∎ figurative I didn't know where to put myself! je ne savais plus où me mettre!;∎ put yourself in my position or place mettez-vous à ma place;∎ to put oneself into sb's hands s'en remettre à qn;∎ put it out of your mind or head sors-le-toi de la tête;∎ I had long put this thought out of my mind ça faisait longtemps que je m'étais sorti cette idée de la tête;∎ we put a lot of emphasis on creativity nous mettons beaucoup l'accent sur la créativité;∎ don't put too much trust in what he says ne te fie pas trop à ce qu'il dit;∎ familiar put it there! (shake hands) tope-là!, serrons-nous la pince!∎ he put his fist through the window il a passé son poing à travers le carreau;∎ he put a bullet through his head il s'est mis une balle dans la tête;∎ she put her pen through the whole paragraph elle a rayé tout le paragraphe d'un coup de stylo(c) (impose → limit, responsibility, tax) mettre;∎ to put a ban on sth interdire qch;∎ it puts an extra burden on our department c'est un fardeau de plus pour notre service;∎ the new tax will put 5p on a packet of cigarettes la nouvelle taxe augmentera de 5 pence le prix d'un paquet de cigarettes(d) (into specified state) mettre;∎ you're putting me in an awkward position vous me mettez dans une situation délicate;∎ I hope I've not put you to too much trouble j'espère que je ne vous ai pas trop dérangé;∎ music always puts him in a good mood la musique le met toujours de bonne humeur;∎ the new rules will be put into effect next month le nouveau règlement entrera en vigueur le mois prochain;∎ to put sb out of a job mettre qn au chômage;∎ to put a prisoner on bread and water mettre un prisonnier au pain sec et à l'eau;∎ the money will be put to good use l'argent sera bien employé;∎ to put sb to sleep endormir qn;∎ euphemism the dog had to be put to sleep il a fallu piquer le chien(e) (write down) mettre, écrire;∎ I forgot to put my address j'ai oublié de mettre mon adresse;∎ what date shall I put? quelle date est-ce que je mets?∎ to put an end or a stop to sth mettre fin ou un terme à qch(g) (say, express) dire, exprimer;∎ I wouldn't put it quite like that je ne dirais pas cela;∎ I don't know how to put it je ne sais comment dire;∎ to put one's thoughts into words exprimer sa pensée, s'exprimer;∎ let me put it this way laissez-moi l'exprimer ainsi;∎ it was, how shall I put it, rather long c'était, comment dirais-je, un peu long;∎ to put it another way,… en d'autres termes,…;∎ he put it better than that il l'a dit ou formulé mieux que ça;∎ you could have put that better tu aurais pu tourner cela un peu mieux;∎ she put it politely but firmly elle l'a dit poliment mais clairement;∎ as Churchill once put it comme l'a dit Churchill un jour;∎ to put it briefly or simply, they refused bref ou en un mot, ils ont refusé;∎ to put it bluntly pour parler franc;∎ putting it in terms you'll understand… plus simplement, pour que vous compreniez…∎ to put a proposal to the board présenter une proposition au conseil d'administration;∎ he put his case very well il a très bien présenté son cas;∎ I have a question to put to the Prime Minister j'ai une question à soumettre au Premier ministre;∎ Law I put it to you that… n'est-il pas vrai que…?;∎ I put it to the delegates that now is the time to act je tiens à dire aux délégués que c'est maintenant qu'il faut agir(i) (class, rank) placer, mettre;∎ I wouldn't put them in the same class as the Beatles je ne les mettrais ou placerais pas dans la même catégorie que les Beatles;∎ I put my family above my job je fais passer ma famille avant mon travail∎ to put sb to work mettre qn au travail;∎ they put her on the Jones case ils l'ont mise sur l'affaire Jones(k) (devote → effort) investir, consacrer;∎ to put a lot of time/energy into sth consacrer beaucoup de temps/d'énergie à qch, investir beaucoup de temps/d'énergie dans qch;∎ she puts more into their relationship than he does elle s'investit plus que lui dans leur relation;∎ to put a lot of work into sth/doing sth beaucoup travailler à qch/pour faire qch;∎ Sport he put everything he had into his first service il a tout mis dans son premier service(l) (invest → money) placer, investir;∎ she had put all her savings into property elle avait investi ou placé toutes ses économies dans l'immobilier∎ to put money on a horse miser ou parier sur un cheval;∎ he put all his winnings on the red il misa tous ses gains sur le rouge∎ to put the shot lancer le poids∎ to put a ship into port rentrer un bateau au port∎ Nautical to put to sea lever l'ancre, appareiller;∎ they had to put back into harbour ils ont dû rentrer au port;∎ we put into port at Bombay nous avons relâché ou fait relâche à Bombay3 noun∎ his third put son troisième lancer(b) Stock Exchange option f de vente, put m;∎ put and call stellage m, double option f►► Stock Exchange put band période f de validité d'une option de vente;Stock Exchange put bond emprunt m à fenêtre;Stock Exchange put option option f de vente;Stock Exchange put warrant warrant m à la vente∎ to put it about that… faire circuler le bruit que…;∎ it is being put about that he intends resigning le bruit court qu'il a l'intention de démissionner∎ to put a boat about virer de bord∎ to put it or oneself about (be promiscuous) coucher à droite à gaucheNautical virer de bord∎ to put sth across to sb faire comprendre qch à qn;∎ I don't know how to put the argument across to them je ne sais pas comment leur faire comprendre cet argument;∎ she knows how to put her ideas across elle sait bien faire passer ses idées;∎ she's good at putting herself across elle sait se mettre en valeur∎ to put one across on sb avoir qn, rouler qn;∎ don't try putting anything across on me! ne me prends pas pour un imbécile!(a) (book, piece of work) mettre de côté, poser(b) (disregard, ignore) écarter, laisser de côté;∎ let's put aside our differences of opinion for the moment laissons nos différends de côté pour le moment;∎ put aside all gloomy thoughts oublie toutes ces pensées maussades(c) (save, keep) mettre de côté;∎ we have a little money put aside nous avons un peu d'argent de côté(estimate) estimer;∎ they put the cost of repairs to the bridge at around $10,000 ils estiment le montant des réparations du pont à environ 10 000 dollars;∎ I wouldn't have put her (age) at more than twenty-five je ne lui aurais pas donné plus de vingt-cinq ans;∎ what would you put it at? quelle est votre estimation?∎ put your toys away! range tes jouets!;∎ put your money/wallet away (I'm paying) range ton argent/ton portefeuille∎ I have a few pounds put away j'ai un peu d'argent de côté, j'ai quelques économies;∎ to put something away for one's old age mettre quelque chose de côté pour sa retraite➲ put back(a) (replace, return) remettre;∎ put that record back where you found it! remets ce disque où tu l'as trouvé!(b) (postpone) remettre;∎ the meeting has been put back to Thursday la réunion a été repoussée ou remise à jeudi(c) (slow down, delay) retarder;∎ the strike has put our schedule back at least a month la grève nous a fait perdre au moins un mois sur notre planning(d) (turn back → clock) retarder;∎ we put the clocks back next weekend le week-end prochain, on passe à l'heure d'hiver;∎ figurative this decision has put the clock back cette décision nous a ramenés en arrière∎ Nautical to put back (to port) rentrer au port(save → money) mettre de côté; (→ supplies) mettre en réserve;∎ have you got anything put by? avez-vous un peu d'argent de côté?➲ put down(a) (on table, floor etc) poser;∎ put that knife down at once! pose ce couteau tout de suite!;∎ put me down! lâche-moi!;∎ put that down! laisse (ça)!;∎ to put the phone down raccrocher;∎ he put the phone down on me il m'a raccroché au nez;∎ it's one of those books you just can't put down c'est un de ces livres que tu ne peux pas poser avant de l'avoir fini;∎ I couldn't put it down (book) je l'ai lu d'un trait(b) (drop off → passenger) déposer, laisser∎ put down your name and address écrivez votre nom et votre adresse;∎ she put us down as Mr and Mrs Smith elle nous a inscrits sous le nom de M. et Mme Smith;∎ it's never been put down in writing ça n'a jamais été mis par écrit;∎ I can put it down as expenses je peux le faire passer dans mes notes de frais(d) (on agenda) inscrire à l'ordre du jour;∎ to put down a motion of no confidence déposer une motion de censure∎ the revolt was put down by armed police la révolte a été réprimée par les forces de police(f) (belittle) rabaisser, critiquer;∎ he's always putting students down il passe son temps à critiquer les étudiants;∎ you shouldn't put yourself down tu ne devrais pas te sous-estimer∎ to have a cat/dog put down faire piquer un chat/chien(h) (pay as deposit) verser;∎ I've already put £50 down on the sofa j'ai déjà versé 50 livres pour le canapé(i) (store → wine) mettre en cave(j) (put to bed → baby) coucher(k) (land → plane) poser(l) (close → umbrella) fermer(land → plane, pilot) atterrir, se poserclasser parmi;∎ I think they'd put me down as a mere amateur je crois qu'ils me classeraient parmi les simples amateursinscrire pour;∎ put me down for £20 inscrivez-moi pour 20 livres;∎ I'll put you down for Thursday at three o'clock je vous mets jeudi à trois heures;∎ they've already put their son down for public school ils ont déjà inscrit leur fils dans une école privéemettre sur le compte de;∎ you can't put all the country's problems down to inflation vous ne pouvez pas mettre tous les problèmes du pays sur le compte de l'inflation;∎ I put it down to her stubbornness je mets ça sur le compte de son entêtement;∎ we'll have to put it down to experience au moins on a appris quelque chose∎ she put her name forward for the post of treasurer elle a posé sa candidature au poste de trésorière;∎ to put one's best foot forward (walk faster) presser le pas; figurative se mettre en devoir de faire de son mieux(b) (turn forward → clock, hands of clock) avancer;∎ we put the clocks forward next weekend le week-end prochain, on passe à l'heure d'été(c) (bring forward) avancer;∎ the meeting has been put forward to early next week la réunion a été avancée au début de la semaine prochaine➲ put in(a) (place inside bag, container, cupboard etc) mettre dans;∎ he put the eggs in the fridge il a mis les œufs dans le réfrigérateur;∎ to put one's contact lenses in mettre ses lentilles de contact;∎ to put one's head in at the window passer la tête par la fenêtre;(b) (insert, include) insérer, inclure;∎ have you put in the episode about the rabbit? as-tu inclus l'épisode du lapin?(c) (interject) placer;∎ her name was Alicia, the woman put in elle s'appelait Alicia, ajouta la femme∎ we're having central heating put in nous faisons installer le chauffage central;∎ the voters put the Tories in les électeurs ont mis les conservateurs au pouvoir;∎ they've put in a new manager at the factory ils ont nommé un nouveau directeur à l'usine(e) (devote → time) passer;∎ I've put in a lot of work on that car j'ai beaucoup travaillé sur cette voiture;∎ I put in a few hours' revision before supper j'ai passé quelques heures à réviser avant le dîner;∎ to put in an hour's work faire une heure de travail;∎ to put in a full day at the office passer toute la journée au bureau;∎ you only get out what you put in on ne récolte que ce qu'on sème(f) (submit → request, demand) déposer, soumettre;∎ they put in a claim for a 10 percent pay rise ils ont déposé une demande d'augmentation de salaire de 10 pour cent;∎ to put in an application for a job déposer sa candidature pour ou se présenter pour un emploiNautical relâcher, faire relâche;∎ we put in at Wellington nous avons relâché ou fait relâche à Wellingtonprésenter;∎ we're putting him in for the 500 metres nous le présentons pour le 500 mètres;∎ to put pupils in for an examination présenter des élèves à un examen∎ to put in for sth (post) poser sa candidature pour qch; (leave, promotion) faire une demande de qch, demander qch;∎ she put in for a transfer to Florida elle a demandé à être mutée en Floride➲ put off(a) (drop off → passenger) déposer, laisser;∎ just put me off at the corner vous n'avez qu'à me laisser ou me déposer au coin(b) (postpone → meeting, appointment) remettre à plus tard, repousser; (→ decision, payment) remettre à plus tard, différer; (→ work) remettre à plus tard; (→ guests) décommander;∎ the meeting has been put off until tomorrow la réunion a été renvoyée ou remise à demain;∎ I kept putting off telling him the truth je continuais à repousser le moment de lui dire la vérité;∎ I can't put him off again je ne peux pas encore annuler un rendez-vous avec lui∎ once he's made up his mind nothing in the world can put him off une fois qu'il a pris une décision, rien au monde ne peut le faire changer d'avis(d) (distract) déranger, empêcher de se concentrer;∎ he deliberately tries to put his opponent off il fait tout pour empêcher son adversaire de se concentrer;∎ the noise put her off her service le bruit l'a gênée ou dérangée pendant son service∎ it's the smell that puts me off c'est l'odeur qui me rebute;∎ don't be put off by his odd sense of humour ne te laisse pas rebuter par son humour un peu particulier;∎ it put me off skiing for good ça m'a définitivement dégoûté du ski;∎ it put me off my dinner ça m'a coupé l'appétit(f) (switch off → television, radio etc) éteindreNautical déborder du quai, pousser au large;∎ to put off from the shore quitter la côte, prendre le large(a) (clothes, make-up, ointment) mettre;∎ put your hat on mets ton chapeau;∎ to put on one's make-up se maquiller∎ why can't they put something decent on for a change? (on TV, radio) ils ne pourraient pas passer quelque chose d'intéressant pour une fois?(c) (lay on, provide → train) mettre en service;∎ they put on excellent meals on Sundays ils servent d'excellents repas le dimanche;∎ they have put on twenty extra trains ils ont ajouté vingt trains(d) (gain → speed, weight) prendre;∎ I've put on a few pounds j'ai pris quelques kilos(e) (turn on, cause to function → light, radio, gas) allumer; (→ record, tape) mettre; (→ handbrake) mettre, serrer;∎ put the heater on mets ou allume le chauffage;∎ he put on some Vivaldi/the news il a mis du Vivaldi/les informations;∎ I've put the kettle on for tea j'ai mis de l'eau à chauffer pour le thé;∎ to put on the brakes freiner(f) (start cooking) mettre (à cuire);∎ I forgot to put the peas on j'ai oublié de mettre les petits pois à cuire∎ I put £10 on the favourite j'ai parié 10 livres sur le favori∎ to put on airs prendre des airs;∎ he put on a silly voice il a pris une voix ridicule;∎ to put on an act jouer la comédie;∎ familiar don't worry, he's just putting it on ne t'inquiète pas, il fait du cinéma ou du chiqué∎ you're putting me on! là, tu me fais marcher!(j) (apply → pressure) exercer∎ the tax increase will put another 10p on a gallon of petrol l'augmentation de la taxe va faire monter le prix du gallon d'essence de 10 pence∎ new restrictions have been put on bringing animals into the country de nouvelles restrictions ont été imposées à l'importation d'animaux dans le pays∎ it's hard to put a price on it c'est difficile d'en évaluer ou estimer le prix(n) (advance → clock) avancer∎ could you put him on, please? pouvez-vous me le passer, s'il vous plaît?(help find) indiquer à;∎ I'll put you onto a good solicitor je vous donnerai le nom d'un ou je vous indiquerai un bon avocat;∎ she's put me onto quite a few bargains elle m'a indiqué plusieurs bonnes affaires;∎ to put the police/taxman onto sb dénoncer qn à la police/au fisc;∎ what put you onto the butler, detective inspector? qu'est-ce qui vous a amené à soupçonner le maître d'hôtel, commissaire?➲ put out(a) (place outside) mettre dehors, sortir;∎ have you put the dustbin out? as-tu sorti la poubelle?;∎ I'll put the washing out (to dry) je vais mettre le linge (dehors) à sécher;∎ to put a cow out to grass mettre une vache en pâture∎ to put sb's eye out éborgner qn;∎ you almost put my eye out! tu as failli m'éborgner!(c) (issue → apology, announcement) publier; (→ story, rumour) faire circuler; (→ new record, edition, model etc) sortir; (→ appeal, request) faire; (broadcast) émettre;∎ police have put out a description of the wanted man la police a publié une description de l'homme qu'elle recherche;∎ to put out an SOS lancer un SOS∎ don't forget to put the light out when you leave n'oubliez pas d'éteindre (la lumière) en partant(e) (lay out, arrange) sortir;∎ the valet had put out a suit for me le valet de chambre m'avait sorti un costume∎ she walked up to me and put out her hand elle s'approcha de moi et me tendit la main;∎ she put out a foot to trip him up elle a mis un pied en avant pour le faire trébucher∎ to put one's back/shoulder out se démettre le dos/l'épaule;∎ I've put my back out je me suis déplacé une vertèbre(h) (annoy, upset)∎ to be put out about sth être fâché à cause de qch;∎ he seems quite put out about it on dirait que ça l'a vraiment contrarié(i) (inconvenience) déranger;∎ I hope I haven't put you out j'espère que je ne vous ai pas dérangé;∎ she's always ready to put herself out for other people elle est toujours prête à rendre service(j) (sprout → shoots, leaves) produire(k) (make unconscious → with drug, injection) endormir(l) (subcontract) sous-traiter;∎ we put most of our work out nous confions la plus grande partie de notre travail à des sous-traitants∎ to put out to sea faire appareiller∎ everyone knows she puts out tout le monde sait qu'elle est prête à coucher;∎ did she put out? est-ce qu'elle a bien voulu coucher?;∎ she'd put out for anybody elle coucherait avec le premier venu➲ put over = put across(spread → gossip, story) faire courir∎ hold on, I'll try to put you through ne quittez pas, je vais essayer de vous le/la passer;∎ put the call through to my office passez-moi la communication dans mon bureau;∎ I'll put you through to Mrs Powell je vous passe Mme Powell(b) (carry through, conclude) conclure;∎ we finally put through the necessary reforms nous avons fini par faire passer les réformes nécessaires(c) (subject to) soumettre à;∎ he was put through a whole battery of tests on l'a soumis à toute une série d'examens;∎ I'm sorry to put you through this je suis désolé de vous imposer ça;∎ have you any idea what you're putting him through? as-tu la moindre idée de ce que tu lui fais subir?;∎ familiar to put sb through it en faire voir de toutes les couleurs à qn; (at interview) faire passer un mauvais quart d'heure à qn;∎ he really put me through it il m'en a vraiment fait voir (de toutes les couleurs)∎ he put himself through college il a payé ses études∎ he's more trouble than the rest of them put together il nous crée plus de problèmes à lui seul que tous les autres réunis(b) (kit, furniture, engine) monter, assembler; (meal) préparer, confectionner; (menu) élaborer; (dossier) réunir; (proposal, report) préparer; (story, facts) reconstituer; (show, campaign) organiser, monter;∎ to put sth (back) together again remonter qch;∎ we're trying to put together enough evidence to convict him nous essayons de réunir assez de preuves pour le faire condamner;∎ to put together a convincing picture of what happened reconstituer une idée convaincante de ce qui s'est passé;∎ the programme is nicely put together ce programme est bien fait;∎ I'll just put a few things together (in my bag) je vais faire rapidement ma valise(with drug, injection) endormir➲ put up(a) (raise → hand) lever; (→ flag) hisser; (→ hood) relever; (→ umbrella) ouvrir; (→ one's hair, coat collar) relever;∎ could all those going put up their hands? que tous ceux qui y vont lèvent la main;∎ put your hands up! haut les mains!;∎ I'm going to put my feet up for a few minutes je vais me reposer un peu(b) (erect → tent) dresser, monter; (→ house, factory) construire; (→ monument, statue) ériger; (→ scaffolding) installer, monter; (→ ladder) dresser;∎ they put up a statue to her ils érigèrent une statue en son honneur∎ they've already put up the Christmas decorations ils ont déjà installé les décorations de Noël;∎ the shopkeeper put up the shutters le commerçant a baissé le rideau de fer(d) (send up → rocket, satellite) lancer∎ the results will be put up tomorrow les résultats seront affichés demain(f) (show → resistance) offrir, opposer;∎ to put up a good show bien se défendre;∎ to put up a struggle se défendre, se débattre(g) (present → argument, proposal) présenter;∎ he puts up a good case for abstention il a des arguments convaincants en faveur de l'abstention∎ to put sth up for sale/auction mettre qch en vente/aux enchères∎ we are not putting up any candidates nous ne présentons aucun candidat∎ who's putting the money up for the new business? qui finance la nouvelle entreprise?;∎ we put up our own money nous sommes auto-financés(k) (increase) faire monter, augmenter;∎ this will put up the price of meat ça va faire augmenter ou monter le prix de la viande(l) (give hospitality to) loger, héberger;∎ to put sb up for the night coucher qn(m) (urge, incite)∎ to put sb up to (doing) sth pousser qn à (faire) qch∎ to put up at a hotel descendre dans un hôtel;∎ where are you putting up? où est-ce que tu loges?; (in hotel) où es-tu descendu?;∎ I'm putting up at Gary's for the moment je loge chez Gary pour le moment(b) (stand → in election) se présenter, se porter candidat;∎ she put up as a Labour candidate elle s'est présentée comme candidate du parti travailliste∎ put up or shut up! assez parlé, agissez!∎ you shouldn't let yourself be put upon like that! tu ne devrais pas te laisser marcher sur les pieds comme ça!supporter, tolérer;∎ I refuse to put up with this noise any longer! je ne supporterai pas ce bruit une minute de plus!;∎ we'll have to put up with it il faut l'accepter ou nous y résigner -
110 access
[ˈækses]access вчт. выборка access добавление access вчт. доступ access доступ access вчт. обращение access подход access приступ (гнева, болезни) access проход; подход access by key вчт. доступ по ключу access control category вчт. категория управления доступом access denied вчт. доступ не разрешен access file attribute вчт. атрибут доступа к файлу access path length вчт. длина пути доступа access to вчт. доступ к access to borrowing возможность получения займа access to buying возможность закупки access to carry on commerce возможность заниматься коммерческой деятельностью access to documents доступ к документам access to drawing facilities возможность получения денежных средств access to education доступ к образованию access to purchase возможность покупки access to rediscounting of deposits возможность переучета депозитов access to sea выход к морю ad hoc access вчт. эпизодический доступ algorithmic access вчт. алгоритмический доступ arbitrary access вчт. произвольный доступ authorized access вчт. санкционированный доступ basic access method вчт. базовый метод доступа blocked access вчт. заблокированный доступ carrier-sense multiple access вчт. множественный доступ с опросом несущей chained access вчт. цепной доступ clustered access вчт. групповой доступ concurrent access вчт. одновременная выборка conflict-free access вчт. безконфликтная выборка controlled access контролируемый доступ cyclic access вчт. циклический доступ delayed access вчт. задержанная выборка diagnostic access вчт. доступ для диагностического контроля dial-up access вчт. наборный доступ direct access вчт. прямой доступ direct disk access вчт. прямой доступ к диску direct memory access вчт. прямой доступ в память display access вчт. выборка изображения distributed access вчт. распределенный доступ easy access легкий доступ exclusive access вчт. монопольный доступ failure access вчт. ошибочное обращение fast access вчт. быстрый доступ file access block вчт. блок доступа к файлу file access denied вчт. нет доступа к файлу fingertip access вчт. доступ с помощью клавиатуры free access свободный доступ free: access открытый, доступный; free access свободный доступ free market access свободный доступ к рынку give access давать доступ illegal access вчт. неразрешенный доступ illegal access вчт. несанкционированный доступ immediate access вчт. немедленный доступ indexed access вчт. индексный доступ indexed sequential access method вчт. индексно-последовательный доступ instantaneous access вчт. немедленная выборка instantaneous access вчт. немедленный доступ key access вчт. доступ по ключу keyed access вчт. ключевой доступ liberal access свободный доступ liberalized access to свободный доступ к library access вчт. библиотечный доступ library access вчт. обращение к библиотеке line access вчт. доступ по линии связи local access вчт. локальный доступ magnetic drum access вчт. выборка с магнитнитного барабана market access доступ к рынку memory access вчт. обращение к памяти menu-driven access вчт. доступ в режиме меню multiple access вчт. коллективный доступ multiple access вчт. множественный доступ multiple access вчт. мультидоступ multiple access вчт. параллельный доступ multiple terminal access вчт. мультитерминальный доступ mutually esclusive access вчт. взаимоисключающий доступ nonrandom access вчт. жесткая выборка obtain access вчт. получать доступ on-line access вчт. неавтономный доступ one-touch access вчт. доступ одним нажатием клавиши parallel access вчт. параллельный доступ public access доступ к местам общественного пользования queued access вчт. доступ с организацией очереди queued access method вчт. метод доступа с очередями queued sequential access method вчт. метод последовательного доступа с очередями queued telecommunication access method вчт. телекоммуникационный метод доступа с очередями random access вчт. произвольная выборка random access вчт. произвольный доступ random access вчт. прямой доступ rapid access вчт. быстрая выборка real-time access вчт. доступ в реальном времени relationship access вчт. доступ по отношению remote access вчт. дистанционная выборка remote access вчт. дистанционный доступ remote access вчт. удаленный доступ restricted access вчт. ограниченный доступ right of access право доступа right: access of access право доступа access of access право обращения secondary access method вчт. вторичный метод доступа seek access вчт. запрашивать доступ semidirect access вчт. полупрямой доступ sequential access вчт. метод последовательного доступа; последовательный доступ sequential access comp. последовательная выборка sequential access comp. последовательный доступ serial access вчт. последовательный доступ shared access вчт. коллективный доступ shared access вчт. совместный доступ simultaneous access вчт. одновременная выборка single-user access вчт. доступ для единственного пользователя storage access вчт. выборка из ЗУ storage access вчт. обращение к зу telecommunication access method телекоммуникационный метод доступа time-division multiple access вчт. множественный доступ с квантованием token access вчт. эстафетный доступ unauthorized access вчт. несанкционированный доступ virtual storage access method вчт. виртуальный метод доступа virtual telecommunication access method вчт. виртуальный телекоммуникационный доступ world access вчт. глобальный доступ world access вчт. доступ посторонних пользователей worldwide access вчт. глобальный доступ write access вчт. доступ для записи write access вчт. обращение по записи zero access вчт. немедленная выборка -
111 list
[̈ɪlɪst]access list вчт. таблица доступа argument list вчт. список параметров argument type list вчт. список типов параметров association list вчт. ассоциативный список associative list вчт. ассоциативный список attribute-value list вчт. список свойств available list вчт. список имеющихся устройств bidirectional list двусторонний опросный лист bidirectional list двусторонний статистический формуляр bring up a list вчт. извлекать список case list перечень судебных дел cause list перечень судебных заседаний cause list список дел к слушанию chained list вчт. список с использованием указателей coalition list список членов коалиции code list суд. сигнальный регистр compile list составлять перечень contents list содержание control list вчт. управляющая таблица daily case list ежедневный перечень судебных дел data list вчт. список данных discrepancy list перечень разногласий display list вчт. дисплейный файл drive list вчт. перечень файлов дисковода embargo list ограничительный список list список, перечень, реестр; инвентарь; to enter in a list вносить в список; to make a list составлять список; duty list расписание дежурств to enter the lists бросить вызов to enter the lists принять вызов to enter the lists участвовать в состязании file list вчт. список файлов free entry list список товаров, не облагаемых пошлиной freight list перечень грузов history list вчт. предыстория holiday list упр. список отпусков honours list список получивших почетные звания в течение года identifier list вчт. таблица имен import list вчт. список импорта installation list вчт. список установки inverted list вчт. инвертированный список jurors' list состав присяжных jurors' list список присяжных linked list вчт. список с использованием указателей list разг. см. enlist list амер. с.-х. борозда, сделанная листером list вносить в список; составлять список; to list for service вносить в списки военнообязанных list вносить в список, составлять список list вносить в список list мор. крен, наклон; to take a list накрениться list крениться, накреняться list кромка, каемка; кайма, оторочка, бордюр; край list курсовой бюллетень list архит. листель list амер. обрабатывать землю листером list pl огороженное место; арена (турнира, состязания) list опросный бланк list опросный лист list переписной лист list перечень list перечень ценных бумаг list вчт. перечислять list реестр list составлять список list список, перечень, реестр, инвентарь list список, перечень, реестр; инвентарь; to enter in a list вносить в список; to make a list составлять список; duty list расписание дежурств list вчт. список list список list статистический формуляр list attr. сделанный из каймы, полос, обрезков; list slippers комнатные туфли из обрезков (кожи, материи) list вносить в список; составлять список; to list for service вносить в списки военнообязанных list of accessions док. каталог новых поступлений list of accounts список счетов list of approved suppliers список одобренных поставщиков list of arrears ведомость просроченных платежей list of authorized signatures список лиц, имеющих право подписи list of balances ведомость состояния счетов list of bonds drawn for redemption таблица погашаемых облигаций list of creditors список кредиторов list of customer undertakings перечень обязательств клиентов list of customers список клиентов list of debtors список дебиторов list of debtors список должников list of deficiencies торг. дефектная ведомость list of documents перечень документов list of drawings таблица выигрышей list of eligible jurors список присяжных заседателей, имеющих право на избрание list of employees список работников list of employees список служащих list of exhibits список экспонатов list of exhibits objects список вещественных доказательств list of exposures список потенциальных убытков list of goods and services перечень товаров и услуг list of ledger balances ведомость остатков по бухгалтерским книгам list of members список членов list of mortgages according to rank список закладных по категориям list of names список фамилий list of opening balances ведомость начальных остатков list of potential jurors список кандидатов в присяжные заседатели list of proposed legislation перечень предложенных законов list of proved claims перечень обоснованных исков list of stock-exchange quotations таблица биржевых курсов list of stolen goods опись похищенных товаров list of tenants список арендаторов list of titles перечень документов, удостоверяющих право собственности list on the stock exchange допускать ценную бумагу к официальной торговле на фондовой бирже list attr. сделанный из каймы, полос, обрезков; list slippers комнатные туфли из обрезков (кожи, материи) mailing list рассылочная ведомость mailing list список адресов list список, перечень, реестр; инвентарь; to enter in a list вносить в список; to make a list составлять список; duty list расписание дежурств make a list составлять список multithreaded list вчт. мультисписок nonjury list рассмотрение дела без участия присяжных nonparty list список беспартийных official list официальный список ценных бумаг, котируемых на Лондонской фондовой бирже one-of-a-kind list вчт. список определенной структуры order list список заказов packing list упаковочный лист packing list упаковочный реестр pick list вчт. список обрабатывавшихся файлов positive list точный список price list отпечатанный лист с продажной ценой на разные товары одной компании, прайс-лист price list прейскурант priority list вчт. список очередности property list вчт. список свойств push-down list вчт. стек push-up list вчт. очередь sailings list расписание движения судов selection list вчт. список выбора sensitivity list вчт. список сигналов запуска share list список акций share list фондовая курсовая таблица space list вчт. список свободных ячеек stock list курсовой бюллетень stock-exchange list курсовой бюллетень subscription list подписной лист subscription: list attr. подписной; subscription list подписной лист summary list вчт. сводный список supplementary list дополнительный курсовой бюллетень supplementary list дополнительный перечень ценных бумаг list мор. крен, наклон; to take a list накрениться tender list список заявок на торгах tender list список оферт threaded list вчт. связный список value list вчт. список значений waiting list вчт. очередь waiting list список очередников; список кандидатов на должность waiting list список очередников waiting list список очередности заказов waiting list список очередности заявок waiting: list ждущий; waiting list список кандидатов (на должность, на получение жилплощади и т. п.) want list список необходимых товаров watch list список ценных бумаг, за которым ведется наблюдение -
112 Line Item Order
The display name of an attribute that specifies the position of an item in the list of contract line items. -
113 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
См. также в других словарях:
Display Attribute — [engl.], Darstellungsattribut … Universal-Lexikon
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Darstellungsattribut — [engl. display attribute], ein Merkmal (wie Farbe, Intensität oder Blinken), das einem auf dem Bildschirm angezeigten Zeichen oder Bild zugeordnet ist. In vielen Anwendungen lassen sich die Darstellungsattribute ändern … Universal-Lexikon
атрибут элемента изображения — дисплейный атрибут Атрибут, который определяет форму, размер или цвет отображаемого на экране текста или изображения. [http://www.morepc.ru/dict/] Тематики информационные технологии в целом Синонимы дисплейный атрибут EN display attribute … Справочник технического переводчика